Pale

Pale of Calais

The Pale of Calais was an exclave and parliamentary borough of England across the Strait of Dover from 1347 to 1558. The land enclosing Calais was taken following the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the subsequent Siege of Calais, and was confirmed at the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, in the reign of Edward III of England. It became an important market for English wool, an industrial hub for Europe's textile trade centred in Flanders, and the English gateway to continental Europe.

Pale of Settlement

The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 in which permanent residency by Jewish subjects was allowed, and outside of which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A few Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans, some military personnel, and their dependents including families and sometimes servants. Pale is an archaic term meaning an enclosed area. Outside the Pale, Jews were also allowed to settle in certain colonies such as in Siberia.

Colorfulness

Colorfulness, chroma and saturation are attributes of perceived color relating to chromatic intensity. As defined formally by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) they respectively describe three different aspects of chromatic intensity, but the terms are often used loosely and interchangeably in contexts where these aspects are not clearly distinguished. The precise meanings of the terms vary by what other functions they are dependent on.

Pale

Proper noun

1. The part of Ireland directly under the control of the English government in the Late Middle Ages.